Advances in Structural Analysis of Biochemical Incubators

In 1981, Chinese scientists first synthesized yeast alanine tRNAs with natural biological activity. Scientists from Britain, the United States, and other countries made major contributions to DNA sequence analysis and artificial synthesis. The advent of the DNA synthesis apparatus greatly simplifies the work of synthetic genes. Edit this paragraph Research content The chemical composition of organisms In addition to water and inorganic salts, the organic matter of living cells is mainly composed of carbon atoms and hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other combinations. In different organisms, there are various secondary metabolites such as crickets, alkaloids, toxins, and antibiotics. Although the identification of the composition of living organisms is a feature of the early stage of biochemical development, new substances are still being discovered until today.

For example, interferon, cyclic nucleoside monophosphate, calmodulin, fibronectin, and lectin, which have been found one after another, have become important research topics. Some simple molecules, such as fructose-2,6-diphosphate, which was a metabolic regulator, were discovered in 1980. On the other hand, compounds that are already well-known will also find new functions. The carnitine discovered at the beginning of the 20th century was known as a growth factor in the 1950s, and it was learned in the 1960s that it was a carrier of biological oxidation. Decomposition products of putrescine and cadaverine for many years, and polyamines such as spermine and spermidine have been found to have various physiological functions, such as regulation of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, stabilization of DNA supercoiling and regulation. Cell differentiation.

Biochemical incubators are the processes by which organisms obtain substances from the environment and convert them into new substances in the body. They are also called assimilation; the latter are substances that are transformed from the original substances in the organism into the environment, also called alienation. The process of assimilation and alienation consists of a series of intermediate steps. Metabolic metabolism is the study of chemical pathways. For example, the dissociation of glycogen, fat, and protein is decomposed into glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids through different pathways, and then they are oxidized to acetyl-CoA, enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and finally generate carbon dioxide. There is also a change in energy during the metabolism of the material. Thanks to advances in structural analysis techniques, people are able to study their various functions at the molecular level. The study of the catalytic principle of enzymes is an outstanding example in this regard. The biochemical incubator domain is a relatively compact area with special functions. The peptide chain linking each domain has a certain amount of room for movement, allowing some degree of relative movement between the various domains. The side chain of protein is not in the fast movement at all times. The motility of protein molecules is an important basis for them to perform various functions.

The importance of structure and function of oligosaccharides began to be known in the 1970s. Oligosaccharides and proteins or lipids can form glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycolipids. Due to the complexity of the sugar chain structure, they have a large information capacity and play an important role in cell specific recognition of certain substances and interactions that affect cell metabolism. From the development trend of biochemical incubators, carbohydrates will be tied with proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes and become the four major biochemical research subjects. Once the chemical structure of a biological macromolecule is determined, it can be synthesized artificially in the laboratory. Artificial synthesis of biomacromolecules and their analogues helps to understand their structure and function. Some analogs may have application value due to their higher biological activity. Artificial genes obtained by chemical synthesis of DNA can be applied to genetic engineering to obtain proteins and analogs thereof having important functions. Enzymology studies almost all chemical reactions in organisms are enzyme catalyzed. The role of the enzyme has the characteristics of high catalytic efficiency and strong specificity.

The protein engineering that emerged in the early 1980s changed the protein's structural genes to obtain protein molecules that were engineered at specific sites. This technology not only provides new ways to study the relationship between the structure and function of proteins, but also opens up broad prospects for synthesizing new proteins with specific functions according to certain requirements. The study of the structure and function of nucleic acids has contributed to elucidating the nature of genes and understanding the flow of genetic information in organisms.

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