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The use characteristics of precious metals can be attributed to “less, small, fine, wide and expensiveâ€, that is, the batch and the amount are small, the volume and quality of single articles and components are small, the technical performance requirements are fine, and the key and core parts are applied. The field is very wide and the use value is expensive.
(1) Jewelry and financial reserves Gold, silver and platinum- palladium jewellery and craft products have been enduring for a long time. In the early 20th century, after the implementation of the gold standard in more than 50 countries, gold became a symbol of permanent value. As an important indicator of the country's financial resources and the rich and the poor, gold reserves have played an important role in the development of the world economy. In the past decade or so, the function of gold as a financial currency has gradually shrunk. The wearing and collection of platinum jewelry has become increasingly common in developed countries (about 36% of the annual platinum consumption), and the proportion of platinum reserves among nationals such as Japan is even greater. Platinum group metals are not only important strategic materials, but also the financial reserve of choice for gold.
(II) Catalysts 85% of the products in the chemical, chemical and petroleum industries are produced, purified, oxidized, dehydrogenated, isomerized, synthesized, etc., all of which rely on catalysts, more than half of which are noble metal-containing catalysts. The most common catalytic oxidation of ammonia to produce nitric acid (the world's annual output of 40 million tons, China's 2.5 million tons), and then the production of ammonium nitrate, urea and other fertilizers and explosives, relying on platinum- ruthenium or platinum-palladium-ruthenium alloy network catalysis. Petroleum reforming production of high-octane gasoline, aromatic hydrocarbon products benzene, xylene, naphthalene (plastic, synthetic rubber, fiber, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, explosives and dyes, important raw materials), ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, B The production of aldehyde, phenol acetic acid, acetic anhydride, oxalate, ethylene glycol, preparation of paracetamol, dihydrostreptomycin, propafenone hydrochloride, etc., mostly using noble metal-containing catalysts. The research and development of new precious metal catalyst materials, carrier materials and membrane technologies are in the ascendant. The chemical industry and the non-ferrous metal smelting industry use a large number of anodes plated and coated with platinum group metals, which can greatly reduce the power consumption of the electrolysis process.
(Iii) high temperature corrosion resistance of the glass vessel and advanced optical device production need to use glass fiber dispersion strengthened platinum, a platinum - rhodium alloy crucible and drain plate and molybdenum or other refractory metal coated with platinum. High power lasers cardiac member - has a high melting point, single crystal jewel (such as ruby of 2 050 ℃, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 1 970 ℃), required a high melting point iridium crucible melting.
(IV) Information sensing materials Information sensing materials are the basis of telemetry remote control technology. There are more than 20,000 sensor components used in the world, and the fields of applying precious metal sensing materials are as follows. [next]
(1) The temperature measuring element and the reference are widely used in the manufacture of temperature measurement benchmarks by using platinum group metals with high melting point, oxidation resistance, thermoelectric properties (linear relationship between thermoelectricity and temperature change), small temperature coefficient of resistance and resistance, and easy processing. And temperature measuring components, especially high temperature accurate measurements and benchmarks above 1 000 °C. A platinum resistance thermometer made of high-purity platinum wire is used as a temperature measurement reference and temperature measuring element in the temperature range of 13.81-630.74 °C. Thick film platinum resistance thermometers (film thickness 1-10 μm) have been widely used in the industry. The series of thermocouples such as Pt-PtRh 10 , Pt-PtRh 13 and PtRh 6 -PtRh 30 are the temperature measurement reference in the temperature range of 630.74-1 064.43 °C and the temperature measuring component within 1 800 °C, and the thermocouple. The temperature range can be up to 2 100 °C.
(2) The high adsorption capacity and high oxidation activity of platinum and palladium on gas sensing components make it an ideal material for gas sensing. Precious metal pastes, films, various sensors for producing the compound of Freon, ammonia, carbon monoxide, coal gas, isocyanate, sulfide, chloride, halo, benzene, phosgene, xylene, methanol and other toxic dozens The detection and detection of harmful and flammable gases play an important role in industrial production and daily life, environmental protection and pollution elimination.
(5) High-tech materials (1) Electrical contact materials such as aero-engine ignition contacts Pt-25lr, Pd-Ag contacts in telephone relays and precision instruments, high-precision long-life potentiometer windings and brushes in aerospace and spacecraft instruments, Conductive slip ring, commutator, commutator, etc.
(2) Solder material For reliable brazing of electronic products, electric vacuum devices and special materials, palladium-based brazing filler metal is suitable for reliable welding of various high-temperature alloys, refractory metals and graphite or ceramics in aerospace and high technology.
(3) Cladding material Coated with high-melting-point metal such as bismuth , molybdenum or tungsten or graphite to improve its high-temperature oxidation resistance. Stainless steel coated with platinum or rhodium to manufacture turbine engine blades, space rocket burner, space station pointing antenna And propelling engine nuclear fuel cladding containers.
(4) Electroplating and composite materials such as scientific instruments, medical instruments, instruments that contact corrosive liquids, probes, searchlight concentrating mirror surfaces, etc., as long as platinized 0.0025mm or ruthenium-plated 0.0004mm thin layer can be used. Claim.
(5) Slurry precious metal powder with additives, adhesives, etc., having a certain viscosity, is a small, flaky, combined thick film and film hybrid integrated circuit and microelectronic components for resistance, inductance, The key materials of capacitors and conductive components have outstanding advantages such as stability, reliability, longevity and high precision.
(VI) Energy Materials Precious metals have special applications as electrode materials for hydrogen production, catalytic materials, and hydrogen storage and hydrogen permeable purification materials.
In the nuclear energy industry, precious metals, as electrode materials and neutron control rod materials, are reactor catalysts for regenerating hydrogen and oxygen into water in nuclear power plants, and are used as cladding materials for nuclear fuel tanks in isotonic generators of spacecraft. [next]
(VII) Medicine Precious metals have a long history as a drug. It has long been known that silver has a strong bactericidal property. There are more than ten kinds of silver-containing drugs listed in the Pharmacopoeia. Such as silver nitrate, silver lactate, silver citrate, silver acetate and the like. The strong bactericidal ability of silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) is effective in treating burns. The strong bactericidal power and non-allergic reaction of silver protein colloid have also been used clinically.
The most effective application of gold in medicine is Auronafin, 2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-β-D-1-thioglucose triethylphosphine, which is a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Special effects, and the side effects are small. In 1992, it was named one of the 50 best-selling drugs in the world.
"cisplatin" [cis-Pt(NH3)2CI2] anticancer drug is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug with remarkable curative effect. The second generation of "carbon platinum", namely 1,1-cyclosuccinic acid diammine platinum (II) is an oral drug, which is convenient to use and has remarkable curative effect.
Use a lot of materials for dental materials and manufacturing medical devices.
(8) Environmentally friendly materials The platinum-based metal automobile exhaust gas purification catalyst can convert harmful hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust into harmless compounds. For more than ten years, it has become the largest application area of ​​platinum group metals. About half of the existing 600 million vehicles in the world have installed exhaust gas purification devices containing platinum group metals. The annual consumption of platinum accounts for about 1/3 of the current production. (about 130t). The industrial sector that emits harmful emissions has the same problem of monitoring, monitoring and purifying harmful substances, and the unique functions of platinum group metals will be further reflected in this aspect.
Precious metal application
Precious metals have an important strategic role in the development of modern society, especially the platinum group metals in the mid-20th century came to be known "modern industrial vitamins" in the 1980s as the "first important high-tech metal (First and foremost Ahigh-technology metal)", industrial developed countries as "rare and important strategic material reserves."