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Compared with lanthanum and actinides , cesium has a particularly small ionic radius, and the alkalinity of hydroxides is particularly weak. Therefore, when cerium and rare earth elements are mixed together, they are treated with ammonia (or very rare alkali). Precipitation, so it is relatively easy to separate it from rare earth elements by applying the "staged precipitation" method. Another method is to use the fractional decomposition of nitrate for separation, since cerium nitrate is most easily decomposed to achieve the purpose of separation. î´
The metal ruthenium can be obtained by electrolysis. When smelting, ScCl3, KCl, and LiCl are eutectic, and the molten zinc is used as a cathode for electrolysis, so that cerium is precipitated on the zinc electrode, and then the zinc is distilled off to obtain a metal ruthenium. Further, the production of scandium easy recovery of uranium, thorium and the lanthanides in the processing of ore. Tungsten, tin ore important source of comprehensive recovery of scandium scandium is associated. The ruthenium is mainly in the trivalent state in the compound, and is easily oxidized to Sc2O3 in the air to lose the metallic luster to become dark gray. î´î´
It can release hydrogen with hot water and is also soluble in acid. It is a strong reducing agent. The oxides and hydroxides of cerium are only alkaline, but their salt ash is hardly hydrolyzed. The chloride of bismuth is white crystal, soluble in water and deliquescent in the air. In the metallurgical industry, niobium is commonly used in the manufacture of alloys (alloys of alloys) to improve the strength, hardness and heat resistance and properties of the alloy. For example, a small amount of water in the iron scandium, can significantly improve the performance of cast iron, a small amount of scandium added to the aluminum, which can improve the strength and heat resistance. In the electronics industry, germanium can be used as a semiconductor device. For example, the application of bismuth sulfite in semiconductors has attracted attention at home and abroad. Ferrite containing germanium is also promising in computer cores. In the chemical industry, ruthenium compounds are used as alcohol dehydrogenation and dehydrating agents to produce ethylene and high-efficiency catalysts for producing chlorine from waste hydrochloric acid. In the glass industry, special glass containing niobium can be produced. In the electric light source industry, sodium xenon lamps made of barium and sodium have the advantages of high efficiency and positive color.
Metals are materials that have luster, good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties, and have a positive temperature resistivity. Metal is a big family, and there are now 86 metals in the world. Usually people divide metals into two categories, ferrous and non-ferrous.
é’ª(Sc) Basic knowledge introduction
î´ î´ 1879 years, the Swedish chemistry professor Nelson (LFNilson, 1840 ~ 1899) and Clive (PTCleve, 1840 ~ 1905) about the same time found a new element in the rare mineral gadolinite dilute the black and gold mine . They named the element "Scandium" ( é’ª ), which is the " boron- like" element that Mendeleev had predicted. Their findings once again prove the correctness of the periodic law of the elements and the foresight of Mendeleev. î´î´